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A

SYNOPSIS

O F A
COURSE OF LECTURES

O N

ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY.

/ BUSICK HARWOOD, M. D. F. R. S. 6? S. A.

PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY

IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.

THIRD EDITION.

PRINTED BY F. HODSON,

K)R J. AND J. MERRILL, CAMBRIDGE j

T. CADELL IN THE STRAND, B. WHITE AND SON,

FLEET-STREET, AND G. AND T. WILKIE,

SI. f AVL'S CHURCH-YARD, LOND ON,

M DCCXCU.

T O

RICHARD FARMER, D.D.

MASTER OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE

AND

PRINCIPAL LIBRARIAN

IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE,
THE FOLLOWING

SYNOPSIS

O F A

COURSE OF LECTURES

O N

Anatomy and Phyfiology,

IS MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED,

B Y
HIS MOST OBEDIENT HUMBLE SERVANT,

BUSICK HARWOOD;

EMMANUEL COLLEGE,

ADVERTISEMENT.

JTIAVING found that the COMPENDIUM ANA.
TOMICUM made ufe of by my predeceffor, was
infufficient to anfwer all the purpofes of the
more enlarged plan, which I have ventured to
adopt in the delivery of anatomical lectures;
I have been led to attempt the compofition of
a Syllabus, which I hope will convey a more
perfect idea of the fubjects I intend to enlarge
upon in the enfuing courfe.

With regard to the order, in wrjich I have
chofen to arrange the different articles of this
Syllabus, I have adhered as nearly to that in
•which they will be treated of at the lectures,

as

( vi )

as the nature of the undertaking would admit*
And to remedy the inconvenience, which might
arife from any occaiional breach in this order,
I have avoided the divifion of it into feparate
lectures, and have prefixed numbers to each
article, by which means they may be referred to
at pleafure. The number of articles has alfo
been reduced into as fmall a compafs as poflible,
by omitting the enumeration of the Bones and
Mufcles, a catalogue of which will be found
at the end of the Syllabus.

Befides the more immediate purpofe for which
the following pages were defigned, I am not
without hopes that an attempt (which as far as
I know is the firft,) to coll eel: and arrange the
principal facls, and difcoveries in Anatomy,
may be of ufe to other Teachers of the art,
who may poflibly think it worth while to extend
and improve the plan which I now offer to the
Public.

After the Anatomy of the human body is*
completed, it is likewife my intention to give

fame

( vii )

fome fcparate lectures on the ftruflure of Ani-
mals. And in the divifion of the fubjed, all
thofe Analogies which affift us in explaining
the ftrudure and ufes of the Animal CEconomy,
will be particularly pointed out.

The articles which compofe this part of the
Syllabus, are comprifed under the general head

of Comparative Anatomy.

INTRODUCTION.

Hi/lory of Anatomy.

1. T^ ISE, progrefs, and prefent
JLV ftate of the fcience.

Of its general utility,

2. Of the various kinds of prepara-
tions made ufe of, in inveftigating
the more obfcure parts of the hu-
man frame.

3. Explanation of the inftruments, and
the manner of ufmg them, for the
purpofe of preparing, and preferv-
ing, the different parts of an animal
body.

4., Neceflary cautions concerning the
ufe of anatomical preparations.

A 5, Explica-

5» Explication of the general terms of
Anatomy.

Of the Nature, and Properties of the
BLOOD.

€. Recent blood appears like an ho-
mogeneous fluid.

Of the means employed to difcover
its compofition.

Of the feparate Parts of the Blood.
SERUM.

f. The properties and ufe of this
fluid.
Saline particles contained in it.

CRASSAMENTUM.

8. Compofed of two parts.

Separation of thefe parts by walhing
in water.

Particular

""

C 3 )

Particular Examination of each*

RED GLOBULES.

9. Suppofed caufe of their red colour.

Various opinions concerning their
nature and formation.

Microfcopic obfervations, Sec.

10. Theories of Lewenhoec, Hewfon
and others.

COAGULABLE LYMPH.

11. Its peculiar properties.

Is the caufe of the fpontaneous
feparation of the blood into
two parts.

12. Theory of the formation, and re-
generation of parts, by means of
the Coagulabfe Lymph*

1 3 . Morbid appearances of the blood.

1 4. Difference between arterial and
venous blood.

A 2 15. Prieftly's

( 4 )

15. Prieftly's do&rine, and experi-
ments.

16. Human blood compared with that
of animals.

Hi/lory of Transfufion.

17. Method of performing the ope-
ration.

18. Effefts of Jransfufion on various
animals.

General Divifions of the Human Body.

19. Hippocrates's divifion into CON-
TINENTES, CONTENTS &IMPETUM
FACIENTES.

Other divifions of the antients.

Of ANIMAL FIBRES.

20. Their flrufture.

Infinite divifibility of an animal
fibre.

* ''\ Various

( 5 )

Various kinds of fibres.
Their gradual increafe and elon-
gation.

21. Obfervations on the preternatural

growth of giants.

22. Of wounds in general.

23. Cicatrices how formed.
Of MEMBRANES.

24. General idea of their ftru&ure
and various ufe.

Their different degrees of fenfi-
bility, in a healthy, and in a
morbid ftate. ;

Of BONES.

25. The beginning and progrefs of
OJJification.

Of the variety of this proceis in
the flat, cylindric, and fpherical
bones.

26. General ftrufture of bones.
Cancelli how formed.

Remarks

Remarks oft the growth of bones.

27. Chemical analyfis of bone.

28. Of the varieties in the fhape and
fubftance of bones.

Of the comparative ftrength of
bones.

29. Of their nerves and blood-veffels.

Exquifite fenfibility of bones in

fome difeafes.
Evident effe6t of diet on the

bones.
Of the bones of animals fed on

Madder. ff:;

30. External conformation of the
bones.

Apophyfes, Epiphyfes, &c.

Of the PERIOSTEUM.

31. Manner in which it is conne&ed
to the bones.

Texture and ufes of this mem-
brane.

Of

( 7 )

Of the MARROW.

32. Its nature and ufe*

Increafe of its fenfibility in difeafe*

33. Of the pori medullares.
Remarks on the curious diftribu-

tion of thefe pores*

34. Difeafes of the bones.

35. General effe6ts of the Lues Vene~
rea upon them.

Exhibition of the different appear-*
ances produced in them by this
difeafe.

36. Remarks concerning the treatment
of fimple and compound fra&ures.
Callus how formed, &c.

37. Ufe of the bones in general.

Of CARTILAGES.

38. Their fituation and manifold ufes.

39. Difference of their ftru6lure.

40. Are clafled under three general
heads,

41. Of

( 8 )

S|i. Of the Perichondrium, and its
ufe.

Of LIGAMENTS.

42. Their variety.

43. Of the ftrufture, and ufe of liga-
ments in general.

44. Of capfular ligaments in particu-
lar.

45. Praftical remarks concerning the
treatment of wounds of the liga-
ments, and cartilages.

Of ARTICULATION,

46. Of the feveral fpecies of articu-
lation, admitting different degrees
of motion.

47. Explanation of each particular
fpecies.

48. General account of the fynovial
glands, and of the fluid fecreted
by them, for the lubrication of
the joints.

49. Praftical

( 9 )

49« Praftical remarks on the different
kinds of luxations, and the modes
of reducing them.

50. Of Anchylofis.

SKELETON.

51. Of the different kinds of Skele-
tons, and methods of preparing
them.

52. General divifion of the Skeleton.

* Bones of the Head, Trunk, and Ex-
tremities, feparately confidered.

Of the CRANIUM.

53. Natural figure, fize, and unequal
thicknefs of the fkull.

54. Of the tables of the cranium.
Of the diploe and its ufes.

55. The fkull compofed of feveral
bones.

B 56* ^Particular

* See a Catalogue of the bonei of the Human Skeleton, at the
end of this Syllabus.

56. * Particular defcription of the Su*
tures, by which thefe bones are
conne6led with each other.

57. Advantages arifingfrom this mode
of connexion.

Sutures often obliterated.
Of their accidental varieties.
Of the 0/a Triquetra.

58. Obfervations on the original con-
formation of the fkull.

View of the external bafis of the
fkull.

59. Of the various proceffes obfervable
in this part of the cranium.
Their names, fituations, and ufes.

60. Obfervations on the general, and
particular ufes of each procefs.

61. General view of the internal ca-
vity of the cranium.

62, Of

fCoROHALIS.

* The principal Sutures are SUTURA

#2. Of the various impreffions, pits,
and furrows in this cavity.

Marks of the longitudinal, and
lateral finus's, &c.

63. Divifion of its internal bafis.

64. Defcription and ufe of the Procef-
JeS) &c. in the cavity of the fkulL

65. Remarks on the attachment of
the Dura Mater.

66. Of the different foramina, for
the paflage of blood-veffels and
nerves,

Obfervations on the ufe of each.

67. a Remarks on the entrance of the
carotid and vertebral arteries into
the Ikull.

68. Of fradures of the fkulL
Of concuffions.

Operation of the trepan, when
neceflary and how performed.

Cautions to the furgeon in per-
forming this operation.

B 2 69, Defcrip-

69. Defcription of the feparate bones
of the cranium.

70. Obfervations on the form, ftruc-
ture, and particular ufe of each.

Of the bones of the face.

71. Of their connexion with the
proper bones of the ikull.

72. A particular defcription of each
of thefc bones,

73. Of their general, and particular
ufes.

74. Of the formation and ufe of the
Lachrymal Du6t.

75. Remarks on the manner of per-
forming the operation for the
Fiftula Lachrymalis.

76. Of Caries, and other difeafes of
the bones of the face.

77. Of the lower Jaw.
Of its Articulation.4

fe» Of

Of the alveolar proceffes.
Of the abforption of thefe pro-
ceffes in old age.

78. Of the teeth in general.

bOf the ftruciure and form of the
:. different claffes of teeth.
Of their enamel, and its ufes.

79. Obervations on the paffage of the
nerves into the teeth.

Of the original formation of the
teeth, &c.

80. Of their difeafes.

Remarks on the ufual method of
drawing teeth.

Of the SPIN E.

81. Of the vertebrae in general.
Of their ftrufture.

82. Of the proceffes of the vertebrae
and their feparate ufes,

83. Of the large canal for the. trant
miflion of the fpinal marrow.

Of

Of the lateral holes for the paf-
fage of the nerves.

Of the Vertebra of the Neck.

84. Of the ATLAS and EPISTROPHEUS:
Obfervations on their peculiar

form, and articulation.

85. Of the perforations of the cervi-
cal vertebrae, for the paffage of
the vertebral artery.

Of the Dorfal Vertebrae.

86. Of their fubftance, fize, &c.

87. Of their articulation with the
ribs.

Of the Lumbar Vertebrae.

88. Of their fituation and ftrength.
89 Of the peculiarities of the verte-
brae of the back and loins.

90. Of the ligaments conne&ing the
vertebrae.

91. Of their intervening cartilages/

92. Of

Q2. Of the incurvations of the ipine;

93. Of its mechanifm and ufes.

94. Deformities of the fpine.

Their caufes, and methods of
cure.

;r. Of the PELVIS.

Of the Os Sacrum. . v

95. Of the falfe vertebrae and holes
for the paflage of nerves.

g6.cOf the Os COCCYGIS,
Its ftrufture and ufe.

Of the Os Innominatum.

97* Compofed of the Ilium, Ifchium,
and Pubis.

98. Thefe boties feparately confi-
dered.

99. Acetabulum how formed.

100. Of theSymphyfis Pubis,

101. Remarks on the ftru6ture, and
different capacities, of the Pelvis^
in the male and female Skeleton.

£ 102; De-

io2. Deformities of the Pelvis conft-
dered as the caufe of difficult
births.

Of the T H O R A X.

i^cy^ Of the Ribs in general.

Their divifion into true and falfe
ribs.

Of -their form, fituation, £c.

104. Of the cartilages of the ribs.
Obfervations on the ufe of theje

cartilages.

105. Of the deformities and difeafes
of the ribs.

Remarks on the treatment, and
confluences of fraclured
ribs.

Of the Sternum.

106. Of the feparate bones of the
fternum.

Of the xyphoid cartilage.

107. Remarks

( '7 )

io/. Remarks on the general ftruo
ture, and ufe of the thorax.

108. Obfervations on the motion of
the ribs, and fternum, in refpi-
ration.

Of the Upper Extremity.

109. Of the SCAPULA.

Its ftruclure, fhape, procefles,
&c.

Of its articulation with the cla-
vicle, and with the humerus.

no. Of the CLAVICLE.

Its fituation, ftrutlure and ufes.

111. Of the HUMERUS.

Stru&ure, proceffes, and articu-
lation of this bone.
Of the extent of its motion.

112. Of the treatment of fraftures,
and luxations, of the Shoulder,
and arm.

113. Of the RADIUS and ULNA,

C The

( 1* )

The ftru&ure, Sec. of thefe
bones, feparately examined*

Of their articulation with each
other, with the humerus, and
with the carpal bones.

114. Of their particular ufes, and the
variety of their motions.

115. Of the interofleus ligament, and
its ufes.

116. Of the CARPUS.

Of the eight bones of the car-
pus, their names, ftru6ture,
and different fhapes.
Of their fituation, and connexion

with each other.

Of their articulation with the
bones of the fore-arm, and
metacarpus.

117. Obfervation on their motion
and ufes.

118. Of the METACARPUS.

The bones of which it is com-
pofed, feparately confidered.

Of

( '9 )

Of their articulations, &c.

119. Of the Bones of the Fingers and
Thumb.

Of their ftru&ure, articulations,
&c.

120. Remarks on the number, fitua-
tion, and ufes, of the OJJa Seffa-
moidea.

121. General Obfervations on the
mechanifm, and ufes, of the

• ^ bones of the upper extremity.

Of the Lower Extremity.

122. Of the Cs FEMORIS.

Its form and fituation in gene-
ral.

Particular defcription of the
ftrufture, and ufes, of the
irochanters, condylcs, and other
remarkable parts of this bone.

Of its articulation with the os in-
nominatum.

C2 12. Obfer-

( 20 )

123- Obfervations on the motions of
this joint.

124. Of luxations, fra&ures, &c. of
the thigh bone, and methods of
treating them.

125. Of the TIBIA and FIBULA.
General defcription of their

flrufture and fhape.

Separate examination of all the
parts of thefe bones.

Of their connexion with each
other.

Of the articulation of the tibia,
with the os femoris.

126. Of the femilunar cartilages, cru-
cial ligaments, &c.

137. Of the PETELLA, and its ufes.

128. Of luxations and fraftures of the
patella, and of the bones of the
leg.

129. Of the TARSUS.

The

The names and ftrufture, of the
fev£n bones which compofe
it.

Of their connexion with each
other, and particular ufes.

130. Of the articulation of the af-
tragulus, with the bones of the
leg.

131. Of the METATURSUS and TOES.
Separate examination of thefe

bones.

Of the difference between them,
and thofe of the metacarpus,
and fingers.

132. Remarks on the mechanifm of
the foot, and the manner in
which progreffion is perform-
ed.

133. SKELETON of a FCETUS examin-
ed, and compared with that of
the adult fubjeft.

134. Remarks on its flriking peculiari-
ties, with regard to the number,

fhape.

fhape, connexion, and ufes of the
bones.

* Obfervations on the peculiar ad-
vantages of the cartilaginous ap-
pendages affixed to the bones of
a foetus.

Of

Of MUSCLES.

136. S~\ F the general ftru&ure,
V^J and various attachments,
of mufcles.

137. Of fimple, and compound
mufcles.

138. Of the names of mufcles de-
rived from their infertion, con-
nexion, form, fituation, ufe,
&c.

139. Mufcles voluntary, and invo-
luntary.

140. Of the phenomena of mufcular
a&ion.

141. Hypothefes concerning the im-
mediate caufe of mufcular mo-
tion.

142. Tendons how formed.

Of their connexions, and ufes.

143. Apon-

143* Aponeurofes.

Their flru6lure, and ufes.

ri tT T n •£* "-^ \~ "••-"^

* Mufcles of the Abdomen.

144. A particular defcription of their
ftruflture, and mode of a6iion.
Of their manifold ufe.

Great importance of the aftion
of thefe mufcles, to the animal
ceconomy.

145. Of Pouparfs ligament.

146 /Particular defcription, and ufe
of the abdominal rings.

147. Remarks on the defcent of the
teftis.

148. Praftical remarks on the dif-
ferent fpecies of Hernice.

149. Obfervations on the manner of
performing the operation for
Bubonocele.

150. Of

* See a Lift of all the Mufcles at the end.

150. Of the treatment of wounds of
the abdomen.

Mufcles of the Upper Extremity.

151. Of the mufcles which move the
fcapula on the trunk.

152. Of thofe which move the os
humeri on the fcapula.

153. Of thofe which move the bones
of the fore-arm on the os humeri.

154. Of thofe which move the radius
upon the ulna.

155. Of thofe which move the car-
pus on the fore-arm.

156. Mufcles of the metacarpus and
the fingers.

157. Of the general and particular
ufes of the mufcles of the upper
extremity.

Mufcles of the Lower Extremity.

158. Of the mufcles which move the
thigh upon the pelvis.

D 1. Of

159* Of thofe which move the bones
of the leg, upon the os femoris.

160. Of thofe which move the tarfus
on the leg.

161. Mufcles which move the meta-
tarfus, and the toes.

162. Remarks on the ftrufture of each
of the above mufcles.

Of their ufes.

Mufcles which move the Head en
the Trunk.

163. Situation, ftrufture, and ufe of
each of thefe mufcles.

Mufcles of the Neck, Back, and
Loins.

164. Their ftrufture and fituation.
Of their general ufes.

165. Of the Phyfiology of the Mufcles:

OF

OF THE CONTENTS OF THE
THORAX.

Of the Pleura.

±66. Its fituation and attachments.
Of the ftru&ure, and ufes of the
pleura.

167. Of the mediaftinum, and its
ufes.

168. Pathological remarks on the dif-
eafes of the pleura.

Of the hy drops pettor is.

Of the Thymus.

169. Different Hates of this gland in
the adult fubjeft, and in the
foetus.

Opinions concerning its ufe.

Of the Pericardium.

170. Its ftrufture, Sec.

;^ Of the fluid contained in it.

D2 Of

( 28 )

Of the ufe of the pericardium.

Of the HEAR T.

171. Of the fituation of the heart.
eOf its form, and general ftruc-

ture.1

Remarks on the difpofition of its
mufcular fibres.

172. Divifion of the heart, into auri-
cles, and ventricles.

Of the fepta between the auricles

and ventricles.
Of the foramen ovale.
Obfervations on its being fome-

times found pervious in the

adult fubjecl.

Of the Right Auricle.

173. Its form, fubftance, and fitua-
tion.

Of the opening of the two vena
cavce into it.

Of

Of its communication with the
right ventricle,

Of the Right Ventricle.

174. Its particular itrufture, fituation,
and capacity.

175. Thecolumnce carnuz how formed.
Their particular ufes explained.

176. Of the valvulce tricujpidaks,
placed between the right ven-
tricle and auricle.

Their ftrufture and ufe.

177. Of the communication of the
right ventricle with the pulmo-
nary artery.

Of the valvulce femilunares.
Their ufe, &c.
Of the Left Auricle.

178. Its ftrufture, &c.

Of the entrance of the pulmo-
nary veins into it.

179. Of its communication with the
left ventricle.

In

( 30 )

Of the Left Ventricle.

180. Its fubftance, fituation, &c.

181. Of the valvulce mitrales, placed
between this ventricle, and its
correfponding auricle.

Of the office of thefe valves, and
their manner of afting.

182. Of the communication of the
left ventricle with the AORTA.
Valves of the aorta.

183. Of the coronary veins and arte-
ries.

184. Remarks on the different capa-
cities, and ftrength of the two
ventricles.

185. Obfervations on the involuntary
adlion of the heart.

186. Of the ufe of the heart in gene-
ral.

187. Of polypi, anturijm, and other
difeafes of the heart, and its
veffels.

188. Of

( 31 )

188. Of the ftrufture of arteries an<J
veins, and their general ufe.
Of the vafa vaforum.

Of the anaftomofing branches of

the blood veffels.
Of the connexion between the

extreme branches of arteries

and veins.

189. Particular defcription of thq

AORTA and VENA CAVA.

fOr THE CIRCULATION OF THE
BLOOD.

190. Of the ancient do&rines con-
cerning it.

Of the difcovery of it, by
Harvey.

Particular Defcription of the man-
ner in which the Circulation is
performed.

191. Of the SYSTOLE and DIASTOLE
of the ventricles and auricles of
the heart.

Of

( 32 )

Of their alternate a&ion.

192. Of the paflage of the blood
from the right ventricle to the
lungs, by the pulmonary artery.

193* Of its return from the lungs to
the left fide of the heart, by the
pulmonary vein.

194» Of its exit from the left ventri-
cle, and diftribution throughout
the whole body, by the aorta
and its branches.

195. Of its return to the right auricle
of the heart, by the vena cava.

196. Experimental proofs of the re-
ality of this mode of circulation.

197. Remarks on the quantity of
blood, and the velocity with
which it circulates in a healthy
ftate.

198. Of the valves in the veins, their
fituation and ufe.

199. Of the fyftole and diaftole of
the arteries.

Ob-

( 33 )

floo. Obfervations on the different
kinds of pulfes, in various dif-
eafes.

;, 1 *6o^

•Of the LUNG S,

201. Their fituation, and figure.

Their general ftrufture, and di-
vifion into lobes.

202. Of the BRONCHIA, or air vef-
fels.

Their particular ftrufture.

Of their ramifications, and the
termination of them in the

veficulce bronchiales.

203. Of the bronchial arteries and
veins.

204. Of the Pulmonary Artery and

T/ • I ,»C

i/ri£ noi^ii
Diftribution of thefe velfels

, throughout the fubftance of
"^ the lungs.

E Of

( 34 )

Of their peculiar office.

205, Of the bronchial glands,
thetf ufe.

206. Of the trachea, or afpera
tcria.

}ts ftru£lqrea fituatipn, and

hOf RESPIRATION.

Of the, Diaphragm^ and M,ufcl$s
employed in Rejpiratipn.

. Situation, figure, and attach-
ments pf the diaphragm.
Of its cruMi and centrum tendi-

nofum.

Of the perforations of the dia-
phragm for the paffage of the
esophagus an.d vena $aya.
. Remarks on the alternate con-
tra£lion and relaxation, of this
important mufcle.
Hypothefes concerning the caufe
pf this phenomenon.

. Of

( 35 )

fcbg. OF the Coiation* and offic£ of
the intercoftal mufcles.

feio; Of the manner in which refpi-*
ration is performed.

Of expiration ahd inspiration.

Effefls oF thefe oppofite aftiohSj
on the pulmbtiary Veflels.

^ii. OiF the primary ufes of tfefpira-
tiorh

ftl2. OF the changes produced in the
bloodj in its paflage through thb
liings;

Various opinions of authors on
this fubjeft.

Prieftly's theory arid experi-
ments*

fiijjj. Of the fecotidary uFes oF the
organs oF refpiration.

214. Obfervations oil thd daufe of'
hickuping^ and other fpafmodie
^ affeftions oF the diaphragm*

E a &i. Of

( 36 )

215- Of peripncumony, afthma, phthi*.
fis pulmonalis, and other difeafes
of the lungs.

216; Of fuffbcation.

Remarks on the methods, made
ufe of, for the recovery of
drowned perfons.

217. General remarks on the pecu-
liarities of the circulation in a
foetus.

-

Of the general diflribution of the
Blood-VeJfch throughout the
body.

a 18. Of the courfe of the principal
arteries and veins.

Of their names, origin, and re-
fpe&ive ufes.

119. The peculiarities of each point*
ed out, and the caufes of them
inveftigated,

220, Prac-

( 37 )

220. Pra£Kcal remarks on the treat-
ment of Popliteal Aneurifm.

221. Of PHLEBOTOMY.

Of the arteries, and veins of
the arm, in particular.

Their fituation, feparately, and
relatively confidered.

222. Of the courfe of the nerves,
with refpeft to the blood-vet
fels.

223. Of the manner in which bleed-
ing in the arm is ufually per-
formed.

General rules and cautions to
be obferved.

224. Of Aneurifm occafioned by
pun&ure of the artery in blood-
letting.

Refleftions on other dangerous
confequences of unfkilful ve-
nzefe&ion.
525. ARTERIOTOMY, how performed,

and when neceflary.

( 38

1 Of the B R A I &

Of the Meninges of the Brain*

£26. Of the DURA MATER.

Its ftrufture and attachments.

227. Of the procefies of the dura
mater and their ufes*

Of the longitudinal, and lateral
finus's, Torcular Heropkili, &e.

228. Of the TUNICA ARACHNOID^A*

229. Of the PIA MATER <
Its ftru6lure and ufes.

230.kOf the circulation of the blood
in the brain*

General Divifion of the Brain*

331. Of the CEREBRUM.

Divifion of this part into hemi-
fpheres and lobes.

232. Of the cortical fubftance,

233- or

( 39 )

£33- Of the medullary fubftance,.

234. Of the corpus callofum, Jorni*,
&c.

235. Of the corpora ftriata, thalami
nervorum opticorum, &c.

236. Of the tiibercula quadrigemina,
and pineal gland.

£37. Of the four ventricles of the

brain, and their communication

with each other.
£38. Of the infundibulum, pituitary

gland, and other remarkable

parts of the brain.

Of the Cerebellum and Medulla
Oblongata.

£39' Of their fituation and ftrufture.
Of their connexion with each
other, and with the cere*
brum.

340. Of their peculiarities.
84 lf Conjectures concerning the ufes
pf the feveral parts of the brain,

242, Of

( 40 )

242. Of the ten pair of nerves which
pafs out of the ENCEPHALON.

243. A particular defcription of each,
and general account of their dif-
tribution, and ufes.

244. Various hypothefes concerning
the ufes, and fun6lions of the
brain, and nerves in general.
An account of the principal ex-
periments which have been
made on this fubjeft.

Of the Spinal Marrow.

345. Its exit from the brain and pat
fage through the vertebral canal.

246. Of the nerves arifing from the
fpinal marrow, and the diftribu-
tion of them throughout the
body,

247. Of pains in the head.

248. Of apoplexy, palfy, &c.

249. Of nervous diforders in gene-
ral.

Of

Of GLANDS.

250. Their divifion into fimple, and
compound.

251. Of their excretory du6ls.
Difpute between RUYSCH and

M ALP i GHI concerning the
ftruflure of glands.

252. Of glandular fecretion, and the
opinions of various authors on
that fubje6t.

Of morbid fecretions.

253. Opinions concerning the doc-
trine of tranfudation.

254. Of Schirrus, Cancer, and other
difeafes of the glands.

Of the Salival Glands.

255. Of the fituation, and office, of
the parotid, maxillary, and Jub-
lingual glands.

F 256. O

42 )

25". Of their excretory dufts, and
the entrance of them into the
mouth.

257. Difagreeable confequences of
wounds in thefe parts.

258. Of the nature and ufe of the

faliva.

Of the Mouth in general.

259. ]Of the lips and palate.

260. Of theglandula lenticulares.
2~6i. Of the os hyoides, and tongue.

262. Of the papillae of the tongue,
and the fenfe of tafting.

263. Of the velum pendulum palati,
and uvula.

Confequence of their deftruc-
tion by the Lues venerea, and
other difeafes.

264. Of the pharynx and cefophagus.
Their fituation, flrufture, a6tion,

and ufes.

265, Of

( 43 )

265. Of the mufcles employed in
maftication, deglutition, and
formation of the voice.

Of their feparate ufes, and mode
of aftion.

Of the Oefophagus.

266. Phoenomena attending the pa£
fage of the aliment, from the
mouth to the ftomach.

267. Of angina or quinfy.

268. Of the LARYNX, and the carti-
lages which compofe it.

Of the£/0tfwand epiglottis.

Their ftrufture, and peculiar
ufes.

269. Remarks on the general efFe6ls
produced by the offification of
thefe parts.

270.mOf the formation of articulate
founds*

F2 Of

( 44 )

Of the ABDOMEN.

'

271. Of the external form, and re-
gions of the abdomen.

272. Of its internal cavity.

273. Of the peritoneum.

Its ftruclure, procefles, extenfi-
bility, and ufes.

274. Praclical obfervations on the
caufes, and cure of of cites, and
other difeafes of the abdomen.

Of the Abdominal Vifcera.

275. Of the ftomach.

Its ftru&ure, fize, and natural

fituation.
Of the coats of the ftomach,

and their ufes.

Of the aftion of the ftomach.
Of the nerves, and blood veflels

of the ftomach.

Of

( 45 )

Of the cardia and pylorus.

276. Remarks on the entrance and
exit of the food, by thefe orifices.

Of DIGESTION.

277. Examination of the principal
hypothefes which have been
formed to explain the nature of
this procefs.

Objections to each of thefe.

278. Of the difcoveries lately made
on this fubje6l.

27g.nOf thefuccus gaftricus.

Examination into the nature and
properties of this fluid in men
and other animals.

280. Experiments of REAUMUR,
SPALLANZANI and others.

281. Why the ftomach itfelf is not
acted upon by the folvent power
of the iuccus gaftricus.

282. Of

( 46 )

282. Of hunger and thirft.

283. Of diet in general.

284. Of fubftances which promote*
or retard digeftion.

Remarks on the pernicious ef-
fe£ts of exceffive drinking.

285. Of the effefts of various kinds
of poifons taken into the fto-
mach.

286. Of cardialgia, indigeftion, and
other difeafes of this organ.

287. Of the caufes and effe&s of
vomiting.

Remarks on the ufe of emetics
in general.

Of the PANCREAS.

288. Its firu&ure, fituation, &c.

Of its excretory du6l, and the
entrance of it into the duo-
denum.

289. Of

47 -S«

289. Of the nature and properties of
the pancreatic juice.

"Of the SPLEEN.

290. Its ftrufture, and fituation.

Of the blood veffels and nerves
of the fpleen.

29 1 . Conjectures concerning its ufe.
Theories of HEWSON and others.

Of animals who have been de-
prived of this organ.

292. Of the difeafes of the fpleen,
and pancreas.

pOf the OMENTUM.

293. Its figure, fituation, and ftruc-
ture.

Of its blood veflels.

Of the fat contained in the cells
. of the omentum.

Of

(48)
294- Of the ufe of the omentum.

Of the LIVE R.

295. Form, fituation, and general
ftrufture of this vifcus.

Of the cdpfula gliffbni, and ex-
ternal covering of the liver.

Of its nerves and blood veflels.

296. Of the vena portarum.

Its origin, diftribution, and ex-
traordinary office.

297. Of the branches of the cava re-
turning the blood from the liver.

298. Of the hepatic artery.
Obfervations concerning its ufe.

299. Of the port bilarii.

300. Their origin, and the termi-
nation of them in the Hepatic
Dud.

301. Of the Gall Bladder.

Its form, fituation, and office.

302. General

C 49 )

302.qGeneral obfervations concerning
thofe animals which have no
gall bladder.

303. Of the Cyjlic Dutt.

Its union with the hepatic daft,
forming the dudus communis
choledochus.

304. Entrance of the duftus commu-
nis into the duodenum.

305. Of the ufe of the liver.

306. Of the difference between the
cy/lic and hepatic biles.

307. Examination into the nature, and
ufes of each.

308. Obfervations on the mixture of
the bile and pancreatic juice
with the imperfe£l chyle.

309. General account of Chylification.

310. Of the difeafes of the liver.

Of calculi in the gall bladder,
. &c.

G 311. Of

( 5° )

3H. Of the caufes, fymptoms, and
cure of the jaundice.

Of the INTESTINES in general.

312. Divifion of the inteftines into
large and imall.

Of their general ftrufture, fitu-

ation and length.
Of the coats of the inteftines.
Of thejuccus inteftinalis.

313. Of the periftakic motion of the
inteftines.

314. Of the operation of cathartic
medicines, &c.

315. General defcription of the Me-

fentery.

Of the DUODENUM.

3 16. Its connexion with the ftomach,
&c.

317. Entrance of the duttus communist
and duttus pancreaticus into it.

Of

Of the valvulcc conniventes, their
ftrufture and ufe.

Of the JEJUNUM and ILEUM.

318. Their fituation, extent, &c.
Remarks on the decreafe of the

valvulae conniventes in the
ileum.

319. Of the entrance of this mteftine
into the Colon.

Of the valve of the colon.
Mechanifm and ufe of this valve.
Obfervations on the fatal confe-
quences of difeafe in this part.

rOf the CCECUM.

320. Its figure, fituation, and fup-*
pofed ufes.

*Of the variety of its fhape and
fize in different animals.

321. Of the Appendicula vermiformis
coeci.

G 2 Con-

* See comp. anat.

( 52 )

Conjectures concerning its ufe.

ilforf:

Of the COLON.

322. Defcription of the courfe and
circumvolutions of this intefiine.
Of its ligamentary bands and

other peculiarities.

'Of the RECTUM.

323. Its ftru6lure and fituation.

Of the ruga formed by the in-
ternal coat of the reftum.

324. Of \\\tjphin£ler and kvatores ani.

325. Of the glandular lacunce of the
large inteftines.

326. Remarks on the difference of
the ftruclure and ufes of the
large and fmairinteftines.

327. Of difeafes and wounds of the
inteftines.

328. General obfervations on the ufe
of clyfters.

Particular

(? 53 )

Particular dejcription of the Mefentery.

329. Its mode of connexion with the
inteftines.

Of the blood veffels, nerves,
£c. of the mefentery and in-
teftines.

Diftribuiion and ufe of thefe
vefiels.

Of the LACTEAL VESSELS.

330. Of the firft difcovery of them
by Afdlius.

Of the general ftru£lure of the
latleals and lymphatics.

Defcription and ufe of their nu-
merous valves.

331. Of the ampullulce of the Ia6leals.
Demonftration of the lafteals on

the inteftines of an animal re-
cently killed.

332. Of their pafiage to the thoracic

333- Of

( 54 )

333- Of the Receptaculum Chyli.

334. Of the Thoracic Dutt.

Of the ftruclure and fituation of
this duel.

Of its termination in the angle
between the jugular and Jub~
clavian veins on the left fide.

Ufe of this du£L

335. Remarks upon its paffage, and
the manner in which the chyle
and lymph are propelled through
it.

336. Ohfervations on the manner in
which animals are nourished.

lOf the Lymphatics.

337. General hiftory of the abforbent
fyftem.

, Difcovery of this fyftem in birds,

fifties, and amphibia.
Remarks on the importance of
this difcovery.

338. Of

( 55 )

338. Of the origin of the lymphatics.
Their univerfality, &c;

Of their termination in the tho-
racic du6L

339. Modus operandi of thefe veffels.
Antient opinions concerning ab-

forption by the meferaic veins.
Refutation of this do6lrine by

the experiments of HUNTER

and others.
The abforbent powers of thefe

veffels, how promoted, &c.

Of Lymphatic Glands.

340. Their number, names, fize, and
fituation in different parts of the
body.

Their firu£ture explained.
Of the manner in which the

lymphatic veffels are conneft-

ed with them.

Of the fluid fecreted by them.

Ufes

( 5^ )

Ufes attributed to them,
341* Of -difeafes of the lymphatic
glands ariling from the abforp-
tion of venereal matter, &c.

342. OfScrophula.

343. Of the abforption of morbid
matter from abfcefles, ulcers,
&c.

344. Praftical remarks on the treat-
ment of hydropic complaints in
general.

345. Of the methods of difcovering
and inje&ing the lymphatic
veflels.

Of the KIDNEYS.

346. Of the fituation, and general
ftru&ure of the kidneys. *"

Of their nerves and blood veflels.

347. Of the cortical, and medullary
fubftances of the kidneys.

Of the papUlce and iheir orifices.

Of

( 57 )

uOf the infundlbula and pelvis of
the kidneys.

348. Remarks on the quantity of
blood fent to the kidneys.

349. Foetal peculiarities of the kid-
neys.

Of the ufe of the kidneys.

350. Of the URETERS.

Their ftru6lure, office, and
courfe.

Of their entrance into the blad-
der.

351. Of the GLANDULE RENALES.

vOf the BLADDER.

352. Its fituation, ftruflure, and ufe.

353. Evacuation of the urine, how
performed.

Of the mufcles employed in this
office.

354. Analyfis of urine.

H Remarks

355* Remarks on the different ap-
pearances of this fluid, in va-
rious difeafes.

356. Of Calculi in the kidney?, and
the fymptorns attending their
paffage to the bladder.

357. Of Nepkrotomy.

358. Of ulcers and other difeafes of
the kidneys.

359. Of Calculi in the urinary blad-
der.

360. Analyfis of calculi.

361. Experiments of HALES, and
others.

362. Nature and properties of one
fpecies inveftigated byScHEELE.

363. A different fpecies difcovered.

364. Obfervations on the various
kinds of folvents made ufe of,
for the removal of the ftone.

365. Of Lithotomy, and the methods
of performing that operation.

366. Of

( 59 )

366. Of Diabetes, Dyfury, fupprefllon
of urine, &c.

w Of the Male Organs of Generation.

367. Of the SCROTUM,

Its ftru6lure and ufes.

Of the T E S T E S.

368. Coats of the teftis.

Of its general ftru&ure.

369. Of the fpermatic artery and
vein,

370. Of the tubuli teftis.

The Epidydimis how formed,
&c.

371. Of the ufe of the teftes, and
feparation of the femen.

372. Of the properties of the femen,
and its agency in the generation
of animals. ,

373. Theories, and experiments of
LEWENHOEC and others.

H 2 374. Of

374- Of Hydrocek.

375. Of Hernia humor alis, and other
difeafes of the tefticles.

376. Of the Vafa deferentia.

377. Remarks on the ftruclure, and
paflage of the fpermatic cord.

378. Obfervations concerning eu-
nuchs.

379. Of the Veficulcefeminaks.
Their texture, fituation, &c.
Their ufe difputed by

J. HUNTER.
Obfervations concerning them.

380. Of the Corpora cavernofa Penis.
Of their cellular flruciure, &c.

381. Of the Urethra.

Of the corpus fpongiofum ure-

thrae.

Of the bulb of the urethra.
Of the membranous portion of

the urethra.

382. Of

382. Of the fituation, ftru&ure, and
office of the Pro/late Gland.

"^ T £

383. Of Cowper's glands.

384. Lacunae of the urethra, Sec.

1 385. Of the Glans Penis and Praepu-
tlum.

386. Of the blood veflels, nerves, and
lymphatics of thefe parts.

387. Of the mufcles called Erettores,
and Accelerators.

388. Of the feparate, and combined
ufes of the above-mentioned
parts.

389. Of flriflures, and other difeafes
of the urethra.

Of the introduction of the ca-
theter.

390. Obfervations on the ufe of
Bougies.

391. Of GONORRHOEA.

Its fymptoms, and effefls.

392. Ob-

( 62 )

392. Obfervations on the ufe of mer-
cury in this difeafe.

393. Of the LUES VENEREA.

394. Of the attack and progrefs of this
difeafe.

395. Of its local and conflitutional
effefts.

396. Of the treatment of the lues
venerea in its different flages.
Confequences of negleft or ig-
norance in the attempts to
cure this difeafe.

397. Of mercurial preparations in ge-
neral.

398. Of the effe&s of mercury on the
conftitution.

*0fthe Female Organs of Generation.

399. Of the external parts.

Of the Clitoris, Hymen, and ca-
runculce myrtiformes.

400. Of the Urethra.

Its

Ml j

Its fituation, and ftru&ure, com-
pared with the Urethra o£ the
male fubjeft.
401* Of the Vagina.

Of the ruga, and nervouspapillce
of the vagina*

402. Of the Uterus.

Itsfubftance, form, and fituation.

403. Of the os internum, cervix, and
fundus uteri.

Of the ligaments of the uterus.

404. Of its blood veflels, &c.

405. Of the Tubcefallopiancz.

Their fituation, and connexion
with the ovaria.

406. Of the Ovaria.

Their ftru&ure, fituation, &c.

407. Of the Ovula and Corpora lutea.

408. Of the particular fun&ions, and
combined ufes of rhe above
parts.

409. Of

( 64 )
409. Of the Menfes.

Of the caufe of the menftrual
flux.

Of its natural duration and peri-
odical return.

Confequences of the irregularity,
obftrutlion, or excefs of this
evacuation.

410. Of the diforders incident to
women at the firft appearance,
and natural ceflation of this djf-
charge.

411. Remarks on the caufe of perio-
dical haemorrhages.

412. Of dropfy of the ovarium.

413. Of the difeafes of the Uterus,
&c.

Of Impregnation and Conception*

414. Of the ftate of the Uterus after
conception.

Of

Of falfe conceptions.

Obfervations on the produ&ion
of monfters.

415. Of extra-uterine conceptions,
Of the FOETUS IN UTERO.

416. Of the Placenta.

Its ftru6lure and filiation.

Of its connexion with the
Uterus.

417. Of the umbilical cord.

418. Of the veffels which compofe it,
and their peculiarities.

419. Of the Chorion and Amnios.

420. Of the Liquor Amnii.
421* *Of the Allantois.

422. Remarks on the mode of com-
munication between the mother
and the foetus.

I 423- Of

* Sec comparative anatomy.

( 66 )

423. Of the manner in which it is
fupplied with nourifhment.

Various opinions of authors on
this fubje6l.

424. Of the progreflive changes which
the foetus undergoes, during the
ufual term of pregnancy.

425. Of the fituation of the foetus in
utero at different periods of gef-
tation.

426. Particular defcription of the cir-
culation of the blood in a
foetus.

Of the duclus arteriofus, duftus
venofus, &c.

427. Of Parturition.

Symptoms of approaching la-
bour.

428. Obfervations on the ufual modes
of delivery*

Of

( 67 )

Of the extra&ion of the fecun-
dines.

429. Of the caufes of difficult la-

bour*

430. Symptoms of the child's being
dead, &c.

431. Of preternatural births, and the
inftruments employed for the
extra&ion of the foetus.

432. Of the Ccefarean operation.

433. Of the difeafes incident to wo-
men during pregnancy.

434. Ofthebreafts, and the changes
which take place in them during
geftation, and after child birth.

435* Of the diforders fubfequent to
parturition, occ.

436. Of Abortion.

Its caufes and prevention.

437. Experiments generally inftituted
(in fufpicious cafes) to afcertain,

1 2 whether

( 68 )

whether the child has been ftill
born, or the contrary.

438. Obfervations on the ufual ap-
pearances in cafes of fufpecled
violence.

439. Cautions to perfons who may be
called upon to give evidence on
fuch occafions.

Of

Of the E A R.

440. Of the external parts of the ear,
and its mufcles.

Of the Meatus auditorius exter-
nus.

441. Of the Glandulcz Ceruminofce.
4.4.2. Of the Membrana Tympani.

Its ftru&ure, fituation, attach*
ments, &c.

443. Of the Officula Auditus, and the
fmall mufcles attached to them*

444. Of the Labyrinth of the ear.

445' Veftibulum, fcmicircular canals,
and cochlea.
Of the two Feneftrcz.
Of the maftoid cells, &c.

446. Of the Tuba Eujlachiana,

447, Of the auditory nerves, and their
diftribution.

Of

( 70 )
Of the Chorda Tympani.

448. Of the feparate and combined
ufes of all thefe parts.

449. Of the fenfe of hearing.

450. Of deafnefs, and its caufes.

451. Remarks on the cure of nervous
deafnefs, by ele&ricityv

452. Of pain in the ear, and other
difeafes of that organ.

Of the NOSE.

453* Of tne external parts of the
nofe.

Of the bones of the nofe.
Of its mufcles and cartilages.

454. Of the Septum Narium.

455. Remarks on the peculiar form,
fituation, and ufe of the Offa
Jpongiofa.

456. Of

-^,. ' * See Art. 71 to 76,

( 71 )

456. Of the pofterior openings of the
nofe.

4* 7. Defcription of the finus's which

• • i • i

communicate with its internal ca-
vity, and their ufes.

458. Of the lachrymal fac.

459. Of the Membrana Schneidtriana,
or Pituitaria.

Stru6ture, and extent of this
membrane.

Of the mucus fecreted on its fur*
face.

Remarks on the ufes of the pi-
tuitary membrane.

460. Of the olfaftory nerves.

Their pafiage through the cribri-
form lamella of the aethiiioid
bone, and distribution of them
over the pituitary membrane.

461. Of the fenfe of fraeliing,

462. Of nafal haemorrhageSj Ozcena,
Polypus, &c>

Of

Of the EYE.

463. Of the external parts of the eye;

Of the ftru&ure and ufe of thd
eye-brows.

Of the eye-lids, &c.

464. Of the lachrymal gland, and its
excretories.

465. Stru&ure and ufes of the puntta
lachrymalia, caruncula lachryma-
Us, and lachrymal du6l.

Of the Globe of the Eye.

466. Of the Tunica conjunffiva, or
adnata.

Of the Tunica albuginea.

467. Of the fix mufcles fubfervient to
the eye.

Explanation of their itrufture,
fituation, and atlion.

Remarks

( 73 )

Remarks on the uniform motion
of the eyes.

Of the three proper coats of the eye.

468. General explanation of the man-
ner in which the coats of the eye
are formed.

469. Of the Sclerotic a and Cornea.

Particular examination of the
ftru6lure and ufes of this
coat.

Of its connexion with the Cho-
roides.

470. Of the Choroides and Uvea or
Iris.

Peculiarities of this coat.

471. Of the manner in which the
Uvea is formed.

472. Of the Ligamentum Ciliare.

473. Of the Pigmentwn nigrum.

474. Of the Pupil

K * Re-

( 74 )

*Remarks on the variety of its
ftru&ure in different animals.

475. Of the expanfion and contraftion
of the pupil.

Several phoenomena hence ac-
counted for.

476. Of the Retina and Optic Nerve.

477. The entrance of the optic nerve
into the orbit, defcribed.

The opinions concerning the
manner in which the optic
nerves are conjoined.

478. Of the ftrufture and diftribution
of the Retina.

Of the three humours of the eye.

479. General remarks on the firua-
tion, tranfparency, &c, of thefe
humours.

480. Of the Chambers of the eye.

481. Of the Aqueous Humour.

Of

( 75 )

Of its different degrees of tran-
fparency, at different periods.

Remarks on the effeft of the
Jaundice upon this humour.

482. Of the evaporation of the aque-
ous humour ; and the regenera-
tion of it after it has been arti-
ficially evacuated.

483. Pathological remarks on the
caufe of Hydropthalmia.

484. Of the Cryftalline Humour.

Of the ftrufilure and fituation of
the Cryftalline Lens, and its
Capfule.

485. Of its fhapeand denfity.
Obfervations on its want of vifi-

ble attachment, &c.
Different ftates of it at different
periods of life.

486. Of the Vitreous Humour.
Remarks on the quantity, and

denfity of this humour.

K 2 487- Of

( 76 )

487. Of the cellular ftru&ure of the
membrane which contains it.
Of the cavity for the lodgement

of the cryftalline, &c.

Of VISION.

488. Of the refra&ing powers, &c.
of the different humours of the
eye.

489. Of the refpe&ive ufes of the three
coats of the eye.

490. Obfervations on the ufe of the
ligamcntum ciliare.

491. Of the change produced in the
eye, that objefts may appear dif-
tincl at different diftances.

492. Of the manner in which the
pictures of objefts are formed
upon the Retina.

493. Of the punEtum C(zcurn> and
MARIOTTE'S experiment to
prove the infenfibility of the
Retina at that part.

494. Difpute

( 77 )

494- Difpute betwixt MAJUOTTE and
PEQUET concerning the feat of
vifion.

495' Of the caufes and effe&s of the
contraftion and dilatation of the
pupil.

Why we fee beft from a dark
place to a light one, and vice
verfa.

496. Obfervations on the ufe of the

pigmentum nigrum.

Why fome people fee better in
the dark than others, &c.

Several other phcenomena ac-
counted for.

497. Remarks oh the caufe of Myopia,
or ihort fight.

498. Of Pre/byopia, or weak fight.
Obfervations on the ufe of glafles

to remedy the above imper-
feftions.

499. Of Cataratt.

Of

( 78 )

Of couching, and the manner of
performing that operation.

500. Of the various caufes of fquint-
mg, and its ufual remedies.

501. Of other difeafes of the eye, and
the methods of treating them.

Of the TEGUMENTS of the Body.

502. Of the Cuticula or Epidermis.
Its ftrufture and office.

Of its fpeedy regeneration.

503. Remarks on the operation of
blifters.

504. Of the rete mucofum.
Its fituation and ufe.

505. Obfervations on the caufe of the
black colour of Negroes, &c.

506. Of the Cutis or Skin.
Its ftruflure in general.

507. Of the papillae of the fkin,

508. Ge-

( 79 )

508. General remarks on the fenfe of
FEELING.

509. Of infenfible tranfpiration.

510. Of the glandulce miliares.

511. Of the perfpirable matter.

Of its fecretion, paffage, and
efcapfe from the body.

512. Of the quantity of this evacu-
ation.

Experiments of SANCTORIUS, and
others.

513. Of the cutaneous Lymphatics
and of abforption from the fur-
face of the lkin.

514. Obfervations on the ufe of nu-
tritive baths.

515. Of the Membrana adipofa, and
reticular fubftance.

Their texture and ufes.

516. An enquiry into the nature and
ufe of fat.

517. Obfervations on the treatment of
Emphyfema.

518. Of

( 8° )

518. Of the Nails.

Their ftru&ure, ufe, &c.

519. Of the Hairs.

Manner of their growth and re-
ceiving nourifhment.
Of their general utility.

520. Of the alopecia, and plica polo-
nica.

521. Obfervations on the collections
of hair found in the ftomachs of
animals, and in fome abfceffes,
&c.

522. Of the fuppofed integuments of
the antients;

523. RECAPITULATION of the princi-
pal phcenomena of the animal
ceconomy, which have been
taken notice of in the preceding
le&ures.

CONCLUSION.

COM-

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY.

INTRODUCTION.

t. OF the utility of comparing the
ftru£lure of man with that of ani-
mals.

Of the ufe of comparative anatomy
in reading antient authors, and
its importance in the ftudy of
Zoology, &c.

2. Observations on the comparative
fize and flrength of animals.

3. Of the general analogy obfervable
in the ftrufture of animals.

4. Of the divifion of animals into
clafles.

L Of

( to )

5. Of QUADRUPEDS.

6. Remarks on the peculiarities in
the ikeletons of different quadru-
peds.

7. Obfervations on the ftrutlure,
and ufes of the tails of various
animals.

8. Of the Panniculus Carnofus.

g. Of the fituation of the heart com-
pared with that of the fame organ
in the human fpecies.

10. Of the brain and nerves of qua-
drupeds.

11. Of the rete mirabile, or plexus of
blood veflels on each fide of the

Jella turcica.

Refleftions on the ufe of this
plexus.

12. Of the NOSE of quadrupeds.

Of its internal flrufture, and of
the paflage, and diftribution of
the olfa&ory nerves.

Re-

Remarks on the caufe of the acute
fenfe of fmelling in various
animals.

13. Of the EARS.

Of the variety in the fhape, fitu-
ation and ufes of the external
ear.

14. Of the EYE.

Its ftru&ure in different animals.
Of the mufculusfufpenforius.

15. Of the membrana niftitans.

16. Of the figure of the pupil in dif--
ferent animals.

Of its extreme dilatability in
fome animals, as in the cat,
&c.

17. Of the different colours of the
choroid coat, or Tapetum, in dif-
ferent animals.

Why certain animals are ena-
bled to fee with very little
light,

La 18. Of

18. Of the ftrufture of the TEETH in
various animals.

Of the difference between the
teeth of granivorous, and thpfe
of carnivorous animals.

19. Of the want of the Uvula in qua^
drupeds, and the ufe of the mufcle
attached to the Glottis.

ANATOMY OF A DOG*

20. Of the Omentum.

Remarks on the fize and extent
of the omentum in quadru-
peds.

21. Of the chylopoietic vifcera.

Of the longitudinal direftion of
the valvulce conniventes.

Strufture of the interlines of this
animal compared with that of
the human inteflines.

22. Of the digeftion of carnivorous
animals.

Re-

( 85 )

Remarks on the fize of the Ap*
pendix Vermiformis.

Of the Pancreas Afellii.

Of the bags found at the extre-
mity of the reftum.

23. Of the pancreas, Jpken, and liver
of this animal.

24. The kidneys and urinary bladder,
compared with the fame parts in
the human fubjecT;.

25. The openings in the abdomen for
the paflage of the teftes to the
fcrotum, compared with the ab-
dominal rings in men.

26. Of the male parts of genera-
tion.

Of the want of veficulce feminaks
in the dog.

Remarks on the tedious copula-
tion of this animal.

#7. Of the female parts of genera-
tion,

28, Of

( 86 )

j28. Of the defeft of fenfible perfpi-
ration in this fpecies.

29. Remarks on the caufe and pre-
vention of the Rabies canina.

Of the Hydrophobia and the at*
tempts to cure this difeafe.

30. Of the peculiarities obfervable in
the anatomy of a HORSE.

31. Of the courfe of the principal
blood veflels, &c.

32. Remarks on fome of the moft
common difeafes of horfes.

OF RUMINANT ANIMALS.

33. *Of the four ftomachs of rumi-
nant animals, compared with the
fmgle ftomach of other quadru-
peds.

Of

9 All ruminant animals have more than one ftomach,

10

( $7 )

Of the manner in which rumina*

tion is performed.
Why ruminant animals require

lefs food than other granivo-

rous quadrupeds, who have but

one ftomach.

34. Of the parts of generation of a
cow.

Of the Uterus and its Cornua.

35. Of the Foetus.

36. Of the Urachus and Allantois, or
refervoir of urine peculiar to the
foetus of quadrupeds.

OF BIRDS.

37. General remarks on this clafs of
animals.

38. Of the peculiarities in the {kele-
tons of birds.

39. Of the ftomach and inteftines of
the carnivorous, compared with
thofe of granivorous birds.

40. Of

( 88 }

4Q. Of the fuccus ga/lricus, and the
digeftive faculties of the carni-
vorous tribe.

42. Of the ventriculus fuccenturiatiUj

and gizzard.
43* Of the triturating power of the

gizzard, and the manner in which

their food is digefted.

44. Of the abforbent fyftem in
birds.

45. Of the kidneys and paflage of the
urinary fecretion.

46. Of the extent and attachment of
the lungs.

Of their communication with the
abdominal veficles* and the
air cells in the bones of thefe
animals.

47. Of the Diaphragm.

48. Of the brain compared with that
of quadrupeds.

49. Of the olfa&ory nerves, and the
organ of fmelling.

50. Of

( 89 )

50. Of the eye, and its peculiarities
in this clafs of animals.

Of the Marfupium nigrum, or

Bourfe noire \

51. Of the organ of hearing in birds.

52. Of the organs of generation in
the male.

53. Of the organs of generation in
the female.

Of the vitellarium, infundibulum,
&c.

54. Of the phcenomena attending
the paflage of the egg to the ute-
rus.

55. Stru&ure of an egg explained.

56. Of the progreffive changes which
the egg undergoes during incuba-
tion.

Of the nourifliment of the foetus
of oviparous animals.

M 57. Of

( 90 )

57- *Of the fecretion in the crops of
breeding pidgeons for the nou-
rifhment of their young.

OF AMPHIBIOUS ANIMALS.

58. Of the heart and lungs of am-
phibia.

Of the peculiarities in the flruc-
ture of thefe organs.

59. Of the tranfverfe canals in the
feptum between the ventricles,
exemplified in the heart of a
turtle.

Of the ufe of thefe canals.

60. Why all the arteries proceed from
the right ventricle.

61. Defcription of the circulation of
the blood in this clafs of ani-
mals.

62. Ob-

* See a Differtation on this fubjeft, and alfo an account of
the Air Cells in the Bones of Birds ; in Obfervations on cer-
tain parts of the Ardrnal (Economy, lately publiihed by Mr,
J, Hunter,

62. Obfervations on the pulmo arli-
trarius enjoyed by them.

63. General remarks on the ftru6hire
offerpents.

64. Of the teeth of ferpents, and
their canal for the paffage of the
poifonous fluid*

Of the refervoir in which this
fluid is contained.

65. Of the general effe£ls of wounds
made by the teeth of venomous
ferpents.

66. Obfervations on the treatment of
perfons bit by this fpecies of ani-
mals.

OF FISHES.

67. Remarks on the ftrufture and
ufe of the fins, tail, and other ex-
ternal parts.

68. Of the fituation, and ftrufture of
the teeth of fifties;

M 2 69, Of

69. Of the organs of digeftion, and of
the chylopoietic canal.

70. Of the fwimming bladder and its
ufe.

71. Of the fize and ftruclure of the
liver.

Of the fituation of the gall blad-
der, and courfe of the hepatic
and cyftic dufts, &c.

72. Of the inteftinula c<zca, and their
terminations.

73. Of the fpleen, &c.

74. Defcription of the heart, and its
veffels.

Of the fingle form of the heart,
being compofed of one auricle
and one ventricle.

75. *Of the circulation of the blood
in this clafs of animals.

Of

"* See a Treatife on the Strufture and Phyfiology of Fifties,
publiflied in 1785, by Alex, Monro, M. D. Profeflbr of Phyfic,
Anatomy, aod Surgery, in the Univerfity of Edinburgh.

( 93 )

Of the paffage of the blood from
the ventricle of the heart to
the gills, by the bronchial
artery.

Of the union of the bronchial
veins forming trunks, which
perform the office of arteries,
and convey the blood, (by
their ramifications) all over the
body.

Of the return of the blood to the
heart by the Vence caves.

76. Remarks on this mode of circu-
lation, and on the ufe of the
gills.

Obfervations on the peculiarities
of the circulation in the Sepia
Loligo, or cuttle fifh.

77. Of the abforbent fyftem in
fifties.

78. Of the Brain and Nerves.

79. Of the organ of fmell in filhes.

80. Of the Ear.

,81. Its

!

( 94 )

81. Its flftifture and fituation in the
cartilaginous and offeous fifties.

82. Obfervations on the faculty of
hearing in water.

83. Of the eye.

Peculiarities of the cryftalline,
&c.

84. Of the mucus duffs, and the fe-
cretion of the liquor for the lu-
brication of the external furface
of fifties.

85. Of the parts of generation in the
cartilaginous and ofleous fifties.

86. Oflnfetts, Vermes, &c.
CONCLUSION.

1

SCELETI OSSIUM CATALOGUE

*OS Frontis.
Os Parietalc

Coft* /Verafeptem.

\Spuri2 quinquc

Os Temporale

*Sternum

*Os Occipitis
*Os Ethmoidale

Clavicula
Scapula

*C)s Spha;noidale

Os Humeri

Os Unguis

Ulna

Os Nafi

Radius

Os Maize
Os Maxillare

rScaphoidci
I Lunarc

Os Spon?iofum inferius
Os Palati
*Vomer

J Cuneiformc

n/r. r, • ' Pififorme
Offil Carpl i Trapezi,m

*Maxilla inferior

j Trapezoides

f Incifores

\ Magnum

Dentes < Canini

LUnciforme

iMolares

Offa Metacarpi

*Os Hyoidcs

Ofla Digitorum quindecim

f Stapes
Officula J Incus
Auditus 1 Malleus

Os Femoris
Tibia
Fibula

LOs Orbiculare

Patella

fColli feptem TAftragalus

*Vertebra2 -I Dorfi duodccim J Os Calcis

t Lumborum quinq. Ofla Tarfi s Os Naricularc'

*Os Sacrum I Ofla Cuneiformia

*0s Coccygis t°s Cuboidet

{Ilio Ofla Metatarfi quinque

Ifchio Ofla Digitorum Pedis quatuor-

Pube decim

MUS-

Thofe booes which are fmgle in the Ikeleton, have no afteriik
before them,— the reft are in pairs.

N

MUSCULORUM CATALOGUE

i Obliquus externus.
Obliquus internus.
Tranfverfalis,
Reftus.

Jftontis et Occipitis. Occipito-Frontalis.
Superciliorum. Corrugator.
Genarum / °>Had.ratus> five Platyfma Myoidcs.
L Buccinator.

Palpebramm{°rbicula™-

lApeneris Reflus*

rLevator.
Alarum Nafi J Dilator.

LConftriftor five Tranfverfalis.

Labiorunr<

( Obliquus
Attollens.
Deprimens.
Abduftor.
Addudor.
Externus.
Internus.
Obliquus.
Stapedseus.
Sterno-hyoidaeus.
Coraco-hyoidaeus.
Stylo-hyoidaeus.
Genio-hyoidasus»
Milo-hyoidaeus.

N 2

Elevator T
Depreffor /
Zygomaticus major, ct minor,
^Orbicularis.

Anris Internse

Offis Hyoidis

{Genio-gloffus.
Stylo-gloflus.
Bafio-chondro-cerato Gloffus.
Linguales.

T Gloflio-Staphylinus.
Uvula; < Pte"S°-Staphylinus.
| Pharyngo-Staphylinus.
V.Levator, five Salpingo-Staphylinus.
Pharyngaeus.
Oefophagasus.

-Sterao-fhyroidasus.
Hyo-thyrdidsus.
Crico-thyroidaeus.

Arytenoidaeus major, et minor.

Tcn.poralis.
Mafiater.

Pterigoidsus externus, et internus.
/-Serratas Anticus major, et minor.
I Subclavius.
I Scajenus. -
Thoracis < Triangularis Sterni.

'] DlAPHRAGMA.

I Intercoftales externi, et interni.
^--Serratus Pofticus fuperior, et inferior.
fTrapezius, five Cucullaris.
Scapula; % Rhomboides.

Ll^evator, five Mufculus Patientiae.
pSplenius.
I Complexus.

j Reftus Poflerior, major, et minor.
1 Obliquus fuperior, et inferior.
Capitis^ Sterno-maftoidasus.

Trachelo-maftoidceus.

f major.
Reftus Anterior -| minor.

llateralis*
f"Longus.
i Spinalis.
t. j Semifpinalis.
< Tranfverfalis.
I Inter-fpinales.
^Iiater-tranfverfales.

Dorfi

j
L

n r f Sacrolumbalis.
ILongiffimus.

("Quadratus.
Lumborum -j Sacer.

IPfoas Parvus.
Coccygseus.

r-Peftoralis.
Deltoides.
1 Supra-fpinatus.

TT J Infra- fpinatus.

Homeri < Teres ^{nor> et

Latiffimus Dorfi.
Coraco brachialis.
-Subfcapularis.
Biceps Flexor.
Brachisus interntis.

Humeri

Biceps extenfor, five Gemellus,

Brachiaeus externus.
_Anconsus.
Volae Manus. Palmarus longus, et brevis.
P ,.. f Supinator longus, et brevis.

IPronator Teres, et quadratus.
£ . ("Flexor, Radialis, et Ulnaris.
' \ Extenfor, Radialis, et Ulnaris.

1 Extenfor.
FI or fSublimis, five perforarus.
\Profundus, five perforans.
Lumbricales.
Interoflei.
-»;.-. /Indicator.

18 \ Adduftor proprius, et communis.

f Abductor.
Digiti minimi 1 Primi internodii flexor.

I Extenfor.

r Flexor internodii primi, fecundi, et tertii five longus,
p ,r . J Extenfor internodii primi, fecundi, et tertii.
)lhcis ] Abdudor.

vAdduclor, proprius et communis.
Flexor Offis Metacarpi, minimum Digitum fuftincntis.

(Pfoas magnus.
Iliacus internus.
Peftineus.
Glutaeus magnus, medius et minimus.
Triceps Extenfor.
Iliacus Externus, five pyriformis.
Gemelli.
Obturator externus, et internus five Marfupialis.
Quadratus.

Crurii

~Membranofus.

Sartorius.

Gracilis.

Bracilis.

Biceps Flexor.
Cruris -^ Seminervofus

j Semimembranofus.

Reftus.

J Vaftus externus, et internus.
• Crureus.
V_Poplitaeus.
Tibialis Anticus.
Gaftrocnemius, ubi Tendo AcMlis.

Peroneus longus et brevis.
Tibialis Pofticus.

{Extenfor longus, et brevis.
E!,rbrrk:
Interoflei.

{Extenfor longus, et brevii.
Ts°AIongU5j et brevis*
Abduftor.
Adduftor.
Tranfverfalis Pedis.

Digi,i Minimi

{Ereftores.
Acceleratores Urinas.
Tranfverfalis.
Clitoridis, Ereftor.
Vaginae Sphindter.
. . /Levatores.
Anl \Sphinfter.

F I N / S.

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